Hyponatremia Sign Causes Symptoms and Treatment

Hyponatremia is related to abnormality of low amont of sodium in the blood. Low levels of sodium may be due to loss of sodium from the body, movement of sodium from the blood to other spaces, or dilution of sodium concentration within the plasma. Some causes include increased excretion or abnormal excretion of sodium, water imbalance, hormonal imbalance (such as excess ADH), ecstasy (methylenedioxymethyamphetamine) use, hypothyroidism, renal failure, diuretics, diarrhea, vomiting, and
wound drainage.

Sign and Symptoms of Hyponatremia
• Nausea
• Diarrhea due to increased gastrointestinal motility
• Increased bowel sounds due to increased gastrointestinal motility
• Malaise or excessive activity
• Muscle weakness
• Decreased deep tendon reflexes
• Personality changes due to cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure
• Altered level of consciousness
• Seizure
Hypotension, especially orthostatic (with position changes—from lying to
sitting) due to decrease in cardiac output in setting of hypovolemia

Causes of Hyponatremia
A low sodium level in the blood may result from excess water or fluid in the body, diluting the normal amount of sodium so that the concentration appears low. This type of hyponatremia can be the result of chronic conditions such as kidney failure (when excess fluid cannot be efficiently excreted) and congestive heart failure, in which excess fluid accumulates in the body. SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone) is a disease whereby the body produces too much anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), resulting in retention of water in the body. Consuming excess water, for example during strenuous exercise, without adequate replacement of sodium, can also result in hyponatremia.

Hyponatremia can also result when sodium is lost from the body or when both sodium and fluid are lost from the body, for example, during prolonged sweating and severe vomiting or diarrhea.

Medical conditions that can sometimes be associated with hyponatremia are adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, and cirrhosis of the liver.

Finally, a number of medications can lower blood sodium levels. Examples of these include diuretics, vasopressin, and the sulfonylurea drugs.

Treatment of Hyponatremia
• Water restriction.
• Administer saline solution IV if patient has fluid deficit (hypovolemic).
• Furosemide if fluid-overloaded.
• Treat underlying cause to correct problem.

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Unknown Causes, Hyponatremia, Sign, Symptoms, Treatment

Common Signs and Symptoms of Asthma in Children

Asthma is the most common cause of absenteeism from chronic illness, accounting for about 14 million missed school days. They claim that childhood asthma has been extended and is now the most common chronic disease in children.

If you have children, it is important to know the symptoms and signs of an asthmatic condition. Understand that the following symptoms “may” indicate asthma, but could be a symptom of a wide range of bronchial and lung diseases.

The most common signs and symptoms of childhood asthma are very similar to bronchitis and other respiratory infections. Symptoms include:

1. Cough. The need is created by coughing up mucus, which accumulates and needs to be clarified. The mucus is usually caused by some kind of infection or irritation. Coughing is a symptom of childhood and many adult diseases. Note that although the cough is a symptom, the type of cough has a role in understanding the cause. In short, an earthquake or lose type cough is very different than a tight cough or acts of piracy and both types can indicate certain diseases

2. Wheezing. Wheezing is most commonly associated with asthma, however, all children with asthma do not necessarily wheeze. You can identify a type of whistle whistling sound when your child breathes.

3. Chest congestion and tightness.

4. Difficulty breathing

Although these signs and symptoms may indicate childhood asthma, may also point to several common diseases of children. As a parent, you can not expect to understand how various symptoms can interfere or be able to accurately diagnose an illness such as asthma.

Another factor to consider is the frequency. The child often suffers from cough and ongoing or recurrent bouts of respiratory diseases like pneumonia or bronchitis may have childhood asthma.

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Unknown Asthma, Sign, Symptoms

Viral gastritis Signs and symptoms Causes and Treatments

Viral gastritis can be dangerous for infants, older people, or the people who do not have proper immune system

Signs and symptoms Viral gastritis

There are several signs and symptoms, which lead to viral gastritis. Viral gastritis symptoms depend upon the severity of the patients. It may be from mild to severe. These main symptoms include:

•     Upper abdominal pain
•     Nausea
•     Vomiting
•     Watery diarrhea
•     Sour taste in mouth
•     Loss of appetite
•     Indigestion
•     Bloody stool
•     Abnormal flatulence
•     Faintness and weakness

There are also some of the other symptoms like headache, fever, chills and abdominal pain. These symptoms appear within 4 to 48 hours and last for 1 to 2 days, and can even last for 10 days. The factor contributing to infant gastritis is poor feeding.

Causes of viral gastritis

The viruses that cause viral gastroenteritis may damage the cells of the stomach lining. There are mainly 4 different causes of viral gastritis which are:

    Rotavirus- It is the leading cause in children between the age of 3 to 15 months and the most common cause of diarrhea under the age of 5 years. The symptoms of this infection appear 1 to 2 days after the exposure to the virus. Generally, rotavirus causes vomiting and watery diarrhea for about 3 to 8 days, along with fever and abdominal pain. Adults that are in close contact with infected children can also be infected by rotaviruses.
    Caliciviruses- It causes infection in people of all ages. This is a family of viruses which is divided into 4 types namely noroviruses, vesivirus, lagovirus, and sapovirus. Narovirus is the most common and most responsible for infecting people and also responsible for epidemics of viral gastroenteritis. People infected with narovirus experience vomiting and diarrhea, fatigue, and headache. Sapovirus is common in adults.
    Adenovirus- It is mainly caused in children under the age of 2 years. It causes vomiting and diarrhea. Its symptoms typically appear after 1 week of exposure. It generally occurs once in a year.
    Astroviruses- It also affects infants, teenagers and older people. This virus gets active in winter. The main symptoms are vomiting and diarrhea. It appears 1 to 3 days of exposure.

Diagnosis Viral gastritis

Viral gastroenteritis needs to be to seen by a doctor. The diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis is based on the symptoms and physical examination of the patients. Stool test is also performed for rotavirus so as to rule out bacteria or parasites. No routine tests are currently available for the other types of viruses.

Treatments of Viral gastritis

The type of treatment depends upon the cause of the inflammation. Self-precautionary measures are the best way for the treatment of viral gastritis. There are also certain medications available in the market. There are some of the antacids like milk of magnesia, which helps in deducing the symptoms of viral gastritis. There are some of the health drinks like milk, coconut water, fruit juice of apple, orange, mango, banana which helps in reducing the formation of acid in the stomach. You should avoid alcohol, smoking cigarette, beverages like tea, coffee, etc. Breast milk is important for feeding the infant.

Viral gastritis can be resolved within 2 to 3 days depending upon the symptoms and causes. You should ensure that the food is well cooked and cleanliness is maintained. If any individual experiences any type of symptoms of viral gastritis, he should immediately rush to the doctor. This problem should not be ignored or extended; otherwise it can lead to many problems that may be even life-threatening.

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Unknown Causes, Sign, Symptoms, Treatment, Viral gastritis

Pneumonia Sign and Symptoms Treatment

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a microbial agent. “Pneumonitis” is a more general term that describes an inflammatory process in the lung tissue that may predispose a patient to or place a patient at risk for microbial invasion.

Sign and symptoms

Most people who develop pneumonia initially have symptoms of a cold (upper respiratory infection, for example, sneezing, sore throat, cough), which are then followed by a high fever (sometimes as high as 104 F), shaking chills, and a cough with sputum production. The sputum is usually discolored and sometimes bloody. Depending on the location of the infection, certain symptoms are more likely to develop. When the infection settles in the air passages, cough and sputum tend to predominate the symptoms. In some, the spongy tissue of the lungs that contain the air sacs is more involved. In this case, oxygenation can be impaired, along with stiffening of the lung, which results in shortness of breath. At times, the individual's skin color may change and become dusky or purplish (a condition known as "cyanosis") due to their blood being poorly oxygenated.

The only pain fibers in the lung are on the surface of the lung, in the area known as the pleura. Chest pain may develop if the outer aspects of the lung close to the pleura are involved. This pain is usually sharp and worsens when taking a deep breath and is known as pleuritic pain or pleurisy. In other cases of pneumonia, depending on the causative organism, there can be a slow onset of symptoms. A worsening cough, headaches, and muscle aches may be the only symptoms.

Children and babies who develop pneumonia often do not have any specific signs of a chest infection but develop a fever, appear quite ill, and can become lethargic. Elderly people may also have few symptoms with pneumonia.


Treatment for Pneumonia
The treatment of this inflammatory condition in varies according to the extent of infection. When detected early this can be treated from home and immunity needs no hospitalisation. Commonly used vaccines for pneumonia contain non-active bacteria or virus which enhances. The selection of an appropriate antibody is important. Home therapy involves few basic steps such as drinking lot of fluids and chest therapy.

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Unknown Pneumonia, Sign, Symptoms, Treatment

Appendicitis Medical Management Pathophysiology

The appendix is a small, finger-like appendage about 10 cm (4 in) long that is attached to the cecum just below the ileocecal valve.The appendix fills with food and empties regularly into the cecum. Because it empties inefficiently and its lumen is small, the appendix is prone to obstruction and is particularly vulnerable to infection (ie, appendicitis).

Pathophysiology

The appendix becomes inflamed and edematous as a result of either becoming kinked or occluded by a fecalith (ie, hardened mass of stool), tumor, or foreign body. The inflammatory process increases intraluminal pressure, initiating a rogressively severe,generalized or upper abdominal pain that becomes localized in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen within a few hours.Eventually, the inflamed appendix fills with pus.

Sign and Symptoms

    * significant abdominal pain, especially around the bellybutton or in the lower right part of the abdomen (perhaps coming and going and then becoming consistent and sharp)digestive system animation
    * low-grade fever
    * loss of appetite
    * nausea and vomiting
    * diarrhea (especially small amounts, with mucus)
    * frequent urination and/or an abnormally strong urge to urinate
    * swollen or bloated abdomen, especially in infants

Medical Management

Surgery is indicated if appendicitis is diagnosed. To correct or prevent fluid and electrolyte imbalance and dehydration, antibiotics and intravenous fluids are administered until surgery is performed. Analgesics can be administered after the diagnosis is made. Appendectomy (ie, surgical removal of the appendix) is erformed as soon as possible to decrease the risk of perforation.It may be performed under a general or spinal anesthetic with a low abdominal incision or by laparoscopy.

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Unknown Appendicitis, Pathophysiology, Sign, Symptoms