Hyponatremia is related to abnormality of low amont of sodium in the blood. Low levels of sodium may be due to loss of sodium from the body, movement of sodium from the blood to other spaces, or dilution of sodium concentration within the plasma. Some causes include increased excretion or abnormal excretion of sodium, water imbalance, hormonal imbalance (such as excess ADH), ecstasy (methylenedioxymethyamphetamine) use, hypothyroidism, renal failure, diuretics, diarrhea, vomiting, and
wound drainage.
Sign and Symptoms of Hyponatremia
• Nausea
• Diarrhea due to increased gastrointestinal motility
• Increased bowel sounds due to increased gastrointestinal motility
• Malaise or excessive activity
• Muscle weakness
• Decreased deep tendon reflexes
• Personality changes due to cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure
• Altered level of consciousness
• Seizure
Hypotension, especially orthostatic (with position changes—from lying to
sitting) due to decrease in cardiac output in setting of hypovolemia
Causes of Hyponatremia
A low sodium level in the blood may result from excess water or fluid in the body, diluting the normal amount of sodium so that the concentration appears low. This type of hyponatremia can be the result of chronic conditions such as kidney failure (when excess fluid cannot be efficiently excreted) and congestive heart failure, in which excess fluid accumulates in the body. SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone) is a disease whereby the body produces too much anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), resulting in retention of water in the body. Consuming excess water, for example during strenuous exercise, without adequate replacement of sodium, can also result in hyponatremia.
Hyponatremia can also result when sodium is lost from the body or when both sodium and fluid are lost from the body, for example, during prolonged sweating and severe vomiting or diarrhea.
Medical conditions that can sometimes be associated with hyponatremia are adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, and cirrhosis of the liver.
Finally, a number of medications can lower blood sodium levels. Examples of these include diuretics, vasopressin, and the sulfonylurea drugs.
Treatment of Hyponatremia
• Water restriction.
• Administer saline solution IV if patient has fluid deficit (hypovolemic).
• Furosemide if fluid-overloaded.
• Treat underlying cause to correct problem.
wound drainage.
Sign and Symptoms of Hyponatremia
• Nausea
• Diarrhea due to increased gastrointestinal motility
• Increased bowel sounds due to increased gastrointestinal motility
• Malaise or excessive activity
• Muscle weakness
• Decreased deep tendon reflexes
• Personality changes due to cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure
• Altered level of consciousness
• Seizure
Hypotension, especially orthostatic (with position changes—from lying to
sitting) due to decrease in cardiac output in setting of hypovolemia
Causes of Hyponatremia
A low sodium level in the blood may result from excess water or fluid in the body, diluting the normal amount of sodium so that the concentration appears low. This type of hyponatremia can be the result of chronic conditions such as kidney failure (when excess fluid cannot be efficiently excreted) and congestive heart failure, in which excess fluid accumulates in the body. SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone) is a disease whereby the body produces too much anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), resulting in retention of water in the body. Consuming excess water, for example during strenuous exercise, without adequate replacement of sodium, can also result in hyponatremia.
Hyponatremia can also result when sodium is lost from the body or when both sodium and fluid are lost from the body, for example, during prolonged sweating and severe vomiting or diarrhea.
Medical conditions that can sometimes be associated with hyponatremia are adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, and cirrhosis of the liver.
Finally, a number of medications can lower blood sodium levels. Examples of these include diuretics, vasopressin, and the sulfonylurea drugs.
Treatment of Hyponatremia
• Water restriction.
• Administer saline solution IV if patient has fluid deficit (hypovolemic).
• Furosemide if fluid-overloaded.
• Treat underlying cause to correct problem.
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Unknown - Sunday 1 May 2011
