The chemical notation for sodium is Na+ (from natrium, a synonym for sodium). When combined with chloride (Cl), the resulting substance is table salt (NaCl).
Excess sodium (such as from fast food hamburger and fries) is excreted in the urine. Too much (or too little) sodium can cause cells to malfunction, and extremes can be fatal.
The normal blood sodium level is 135 - 145 milliEquivalents/liter (mEq/L), or in international units, 135 - 145 millimoles/liter (mmol/L).
Hypernatremia is an abnormally high amount of sodium in blood. Fluid volume may be altered as a result of changes in the levels of sodium. Amild rise in sodiumlevels causes tissue that is normally excitable to become more irritable—for example, cardiac muscle. The osmolarity of extracellular fluid also increases as the
sodium level increases. This is in attempt to correct the sodium increase by bringing more fluid from the cells into the extracellular area. These dehydrated, more irritable cells have a decreased ability to respond to stimuli.Causes may include insufficient water intake (patients who are NPO), insufficient sodium excretion due to hormone imbalance, renal failure, corticosteroids,increased sodium intake or increased water loss due to fever, hyperventilation, increased metabolism, and dehydration due to sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea.
Sign and Symptoms of Hypernatremia
Weight gain due to fluid retention
Restlessness, irritability, and agitation due to increase in neural activity with
normal or low fluid volume
• Decreased level of consciousness due to decrease in neural activity with
hypervolemia
• Muscle twitching due to irregular muscle contractions
• Muscle weakness bilaterally
• Blood pressure increased—compare with normal for patient
• Decreased myocardial contractility, resulting in less effective pumping action
of heart muscle
• Distended neck veins in hypervolemic patients
• Less cardiac output, especially with hypovolemic patients
• Increased thirst in an attempt to increase fluid intake
Treatment of Hypernatremia
Hypotonic IV fluids are typically given to correct hypernatremic patients who are
volume-depleted. Diuretics are also used to help correct the sodium balance.
• Administer 0.225 percent sodium chloride, 0.33 percent sodium chloride, or
0.45 percent sodium chloride to correct fluid and sodium status.
• Administer diuretics to remove excess fluids and promote sodium loss:
• furosemide, bumetanide
Excess sodium (such as from fast food hamburger and fries) is excreted in the urine. Too much (or too little) sodium can cause cells to malfunction, and extremes can be fatal.
The normal blood sodium level is 135 - 145 milliEquivalents/liter (mEq/L), or in international units, 135 - 145 millimoles/liter (mmol/L).
Hypernatremia is an abnormally high amount of sodium in blood. Fluid volume may be altered as a result of changes in the levels of sodium. Amild rise in sodiumlevels causes tissue that is normally excitable to become more irritable—for example, cardiac muscle. The osmolarity of extracellular fluid also increases as the
sodium level increases. This is in attempt to correct the sodium increase by bringing more fluid from the cells into the extracellular area. These dehydrated, more irritable cells have a decreased ability to respond to stimuli.Causes may include insufficient water intake (patients who are NPO), insufficient sodium excretion due to hormone imbalance, renal failure, corticosteroids,increased sodium intake or increased water loss due to fever, hyperventilation, increased metabolism, and dehydration due to sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea.
Sign and Symptoms of Hypernatremia
Weight gain due to fluid retention
Restlessness, irritability, and agitation due to increase in neural activity with
normal or low fluid volume
• Decreased level of consciousness due to decrease in neural activity with
hypervolemia
• Muscle twitching due to irregular muscle contractions
• Muscle weakness bilaterally
• Blood pressure increased—compare with normal for patient
• Decreased myocardial contractility, resulting in less effective pumping action
of heart muscle
• Distended neck veins in hypervolemic patients
• Less cardiac output, especially with hypovolemic patients
• Increased thirst in an attempt to increase fluid intake
Treatment of Hypernatremia
Hypotonic IV fluids are typically given to correct hypernatremic patients who are
volume-depleted. Diuretics are also used to help correct the sodium balance.
• Administer 0.225 percent sodium chloride, 0.33 percent sodium chloride, or
0.45 percent sodium chloride to correct fluid and sodium status.
• Administer diuretics to remove excess fluids and promote sodium loss:
• furosemide, bumetanide
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Unknown - Sunday, 1 May 2011
