Action-Atropine sulphate is a antimuscarinic alkaloid with both centrel and preipheral actions.It first stimulates and then depress the central nervous system and has antispasmodic actions on smooth muscle and reduces secretions,especially salivary and bronchial secretions:It also reduces prespirations,but has little effect onbilliary or pancreatic secretion.
Indications-Atropine sulphate is chiefly used as spasmolytics;It has also been prescribed to alleviate the griping caused by vegetable laxative,and in the treatment of smooth muscle spasm in conditions such as renal and biliary colic;It has been used in the symptomatic treatment of idiopathic and postencephatitic parkinsonism.
Pharmacology - Atropine sulphate, like other antimuscarinic agents, competitively inhibits acetylcholine or othercholinergic stimulants at postganglionic parasympathetic neuroeffector sites. High doses may block nicotinic receptors at the autonomic ganglia and at the neuromuscular junction. Pharmacologic effects are dose related. At low doses salivation, bronchial secretions, and sweating (not horses) are inhibited. At moderate systemic doses,atropine dilates and inhibits accommodation of the pupil, and increases heart rate. High doses will decrease GI and urinary tract motility. Very high doses will inhibit gastric secretion.
Pharmacokinetics
Atropine is satisfactorily absorbed from Gut, Mucous membrane and from parentral site of administration. It is
partly detoxified by the liver and partly excreted unchanged in the urine.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
Adults
Initial single doses in adults vary from around 0.5 mg to 1 mg (5 - 10 mL of the 0.1 mg/mL solution) for
antisialagogue and other antivagal effects, to 2 to 3 mg (20 - 30 mL of the 0.1 mg/mL solution) as an antidote for organophosporous or muscarinic mushroom poisoning. When used as an antidote, the 2 to 3 mg dose should be repeated no less often that every 20 to 30 minutes until signs of poisoning are sufficiently lessened or signs of atropine poisoning When the recurrent use of atropine is essential in patients with coronary atery disease, the total dose should be restricted to 2 to 3 (maximum 0.03 to 0.04 mg/kg) to avoid the detrimental effects of atropine-induced tachycardia on myocardial oxygen demand. For patients with bradyasystolic cardiac arrest, a 1 mg dose of atropine is administered inbravenously and is repeated every 3-5 minutes if asystole persists. Three milligrams (0.04 mg/kg) given I.V. is a fully vagolytic dose in most patients. The administration of less than 0.5 mg can produce a paradoxical bradycardia because of the central or peripheral parasympathomimatic effects of low dose in adults.
Endotracheal administration of atropine can be used in patients without I.V. access. The recommended adult dose of atropine for endotracheal administration is 1 to 2 mg diluted to a total not to exceed 10 ml of sterile water or normal saline.
Titration intervals of one or two hours are recommended tin circumstances that are not life-threatening.
Pediatrics
Dosing information in pediatric populations ahs not been well studied. Usage history of initial dose has been in
the range of 0.01to 0.03 mg/kg body weight.Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior toadministration, whenever solution and container permit
Adverse Effects
dilated pupils, difficulty in swallowing, hot dry skin, thirst, dizziness, restlessness, tremor, fatigue and ataxia. Toxic doses lead to marked palpitation, restlessness and excitement, hallucinations, delirium and coma.
Depression and circulatory collapse occur only with severe intoxication. In such cases, blood pressure declines and death due to respiratory failure may ensue following paralysis and coma.
Sources
Indications-Atropine sulphate is chiefly used as spasmolytics;It has also been prescribed to alleviate the griping caused by vegetable laxative,and in the treatment of smooth muscle spasm in conditions such as renal and biliary colic;It has been used in the symptomatic treatment of idiopathic and postencephatitic parkinsonism.
Pharmacology - Atropine sulphate, like other antimuscarinic agents, competitively inhibits acetylcholine or othercholinergic stimulants at postganglionic parasympathetic neuroeffector sites. High doses may block nicotinic receptors at the autonomic ganglia and at the neuromuscular junction. Pharmacologic effects are dose related. At low doses salivation, bronchial secretions, and sweating (not horses) are inhibited. At moderate systemic doses,atropine dilates and inhibits accommodation of the pupil, and increases heart rate. High doses will decrease GI and urinary tract motility. Very high doses will inhibit gastric secretion.
Pharmacokinetics
Atropine is satisfactorily absorbed from Gut, Mucous membrane and from parentral site of administration. It is
partly detoxified by the liver and partly excreted unchanged in the urine.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
Adults
Initial single doses in adults vary from around 0.5 mg to 1 mg (5 - 10 mL of the 0.1 mg/mL solution) for
antisialagogue and other antivagal effects, to 2 to 3 mg (20 - 30 mL of the 0.1 mg/mL solution) as an antidote for organophosporous or muscarinic mushroom poisoning. When used as an antidote, the 2 to 3 mg dose should be repeated no less often that every 20 to 30 minutes until signs of poisoning are sufficiently lessened or signs of atropine poisoning When the recurrent use of atropine is essential in patients with coronary atery disease, the total dose should be restricted to 2 to 3 (maximum 0.03 to 0.04 mg/kg) to avoid the detrimental effects of atropine-induced tachycardia on myocardial oxygen demand. For patients with bradyasystolic cardiac arrest, a 1 mg dose of atropine is administered inbravenously and is repeated every 3-5 minutes if asystole persists. Three milligrams (0.04 mg/kg) given I.V. is a fully vagolytic dose in most patients. The administration of less than 0.5 mg can produce a paradoxical bradycardia because of the central or peripheral parasympathomimatic effects of low dose in adults.
Endotracheal administration of atropine can be used in patients without I.V. access. The recommended adult dose of atropine for endotracheal administration is 1 to 2 mg diluted to a total not to exceed 10 ml of sterile water or normal saline.
Titration intervals of one or two hours are recommended tin circumstances that are not life-threatening.
Pediatrics
Dosing information in pediatric populations ahs not been well studied. Usage history of initial dose has been in
the range of 0.01to 0.03 mg/kg body weight.Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior toadministration, whenever solution and container permit
Adverse Effects
dilated pupils, difficulty in swallowing, hot dry skin, thirst, dizziness, restlessness, tremor, fatigue and ataxia. Toxic doses lead to marked palpitation, restlessness and excitement, hallucinations, delirium and coma.
Depression and circulatory collapse occur only with severe intoxication. In such cases, blood pressure declines and death due to respiratory failure may ensue following paralysis and coma.
Sources
| RxList | http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/atropen.htm  |
| Drugs.com | http://www.drugs.com/cdi/atropine-drops.html |
| Wikipedia | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropine |
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Unknown - Wednesday, 17 August 2011
